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Carpet shark
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Carpet sharks are classified in the order Orectolobiformes . Sometimes the "carpet shark" (given because many species resemble ornately patterned ) is used interchangeably with "wobbegong", which is the common name of sharks in the family . Carpet sharks have five , two spineless , and a small mouth that does not extend past the eyes. Many species have barbels.

Characteristics
The carpet sharks are a diverse group of sharks with differing sizes, appearances, diets, and habits. They first appeared in the record in the ; the oldest known orectolobiform genera are (known from to of and ), Palaeobrachaelurus (Aalenian to ) and Annea (Toarcian to of Europe). All species have two dorsal fins and a relatively short, transverse mouth that does not extend behind the eyes. Besides the nostrils are barbels, tactile sensory organs, and grooves known as nasoral grooves connect the nostrils to the mouth. Five short gill slits are just in front of the origin of the pectoral fin and the fifth slit tends to overlap the fourth one. A spiracle occurs beneath each eye which is used in respiration. The only exception to this rule is the whale shark, the spiracles of which are situated just behind the eyes. Carpet sharks derive their common name from the fact that many species have a mottled appearance with intricate patterns reminiscent of carpet designs. The patterning provides camouflage when the fish is lying on the seabed. The largest carpet shark is the ( Rhincodon typus) which can grow to a length of . It is the largest species of fish, but despite its size, is not dangerous, as it is a , drawing in water through its wide mouth and sifting out the . The smallest carpet shark, at up to about long, is the barbelthroat carpet shark, ( Cirrhoscyllium expolitum). Some of the most spectacularly coloured members of the order are the necklace carpet shark ( Parascyllium variolatum), the ( Stegostoma fasciatum), the ( Hemiscyllium ocellatum), and the ( Orectolobus ornatus). Nurse sharks and whale sharks have a fringe of barbels on their snouts, and barbelthroat carpet sharks ( Cirrhoscyllium expolitum) have barbels dangling from their throat regions.

Behaviour
Most carpet sharks feed on the seabed in shallow to medium-depth waters, detecting and picking up molluscs, crustaceans, and other small creatures. The tend to be , lying hidden on the seabed until approaches. One has been observed swallowing a whole.

The methods of reproduction of carpet sharks varies. Some species are and lay eggs which may be liberated directly into the water or may be enclosed in horny egg cases. Some female sharks have been observed to push egg cases into crevices and this would be an added protection for the developing embryos. Other species are and the fertilised eggs are retained in the mother's . There, the developing embryos, which are usually few in number, feed on their at first and later hatch out and feed on nutrients secreted by the walls of the oviduct. The young are born in an advanced state, ready to live independent lives.

Distribution
Carpet sharks are found in all the oceans of the world but predominantly in tropical and temperate waters. They are most common in the western region and are usually found in relatively deep water.

Classification
The order is small, with seven families in 13 and with a total of around 43 :

Extant species
Order Orectolobiformes
  • Family Applegate (blind sharks)
    • Genus Ogilby, 1908
      • Brachaelurus colcloughi (Ogilby, 1908) (bluegrey carpetshark)
      • Brachaelurus waddi (Bloch & J. G. Schneider, 1801) (blind shark)
  • Family Ginglymostomatidae , 1862 (nurse sharks)
    • Genus J. P. Müller & Henle, 1837
      • Ginglymostoma cirratum Bonnaterre, 1788 (nurse shark)
      • Ginglymostoma unami Del-Moral-Flores, Ramírez-Antonio, Angulo & Pérez-Ponce de León, 2015
    • Genus Rüppell, 1837
      • Nebrius ferrugineus (Lesson, 1831) (tawny nurse shark)
    • Genus Pseudoginglymostoma , 1986
      • Pseudoginglymostoma brevicaudatum (Günther, 1867) (short-tail nurse shark)
  • Family Gill, 1862 (bamboo sharks)
    • Genus J. P. Müller & Henle, 1837
      • Chiloscyllium arabicum Gubanov, 1980 (Arabian carpetshark)
      • Chiloscyllium burmensis Dingerkus & DeFino, 1983 (Burmese bamboo shark)
      • Chiloscyllium griseum J. P. Müller & Henle, 1838 (grey bamboo shark)
      • Chiloscyllium hasselti , 1852 (Hasselt's bamboo shark)
      • Chiloscyllium indicum (J. F. Gmelin, 1789) (slender bamboo shark)
      • Chiloscyllium plagiosum (Anonymous, referred to Bennett, 1830) (white-spotted bamboo shark)
      • Chiloscyllium punctatum J. P. Müller & Henle, 1838 (brownbanded bamboo shark)
    • Genus J. P. Müller & Henle, 1837
      • Hemiscyllium freycineti (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) (Indonesian speckled carpetshark)
      • Hemiscyllium galei G. R. Allen & Erdmann, 2008 (Cenderwasih epaulette shark)
      • Hemiscyllium hallstromi Whitley, 1967 (Papuan epaulette shark)
      • Hemiscyllium halmahera G. R. Allen, Erdmann & Dudgeon, 2013Allen, G.R., Erdmann, M.V. & Dudgeon, C.L. (2013): Hemiscyllium halmahera, a new species of Bamboo Shark (Hemiscylliidae) from Indonesia. aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology, 19 (3): 123–136. (Halmahera epaulette shark)
      • Hemiscyllium henryi G. R. Allen & Erdmann, 2008 (Henry's epaulette shark)
      • Hemiscyllium michaeli G. R. Allen & Dudgeon, 2010 (Milne Bay epaulette shark)
      • Hemiscyllium ocellatum (Bonnaterre, 1788) (epaulette shark)
      • Hemiscyllium strahani Whitley, 1967 (hooded carpetshark)
      • Hemiscyllium trispeculare J. Richardson, 1843 (speckled carpetshark)
  • Family Gill, 1896 (wobbegong sharks)
    • Genus Regan, 1908
      • Eucrossorhinus dasypogon (Bleeker, 1867) (tasselled wobbegong)
    • Genus Bonaparte, 1834
      • Orectolobus floridus Last & Chidlow, 2008 (floral banded wobbegong)
      • Orectolobus halei Whitley, 1940.
      • Orectolobus hutchinsi Last, Chidlow & Compagno, 2006. (western wobbegong)
      • Orectolobus japonicus Regan, 1906 (Japanese wobbegong)
      • Orectolobus leptolineatus Last, Pogonoski & W. T. White, 2010 (Indonesian wobbegong)
      • Orectolobus maculatus (Bonnaterre, 1788) (spotted wobbegong)
      • Orectolobus ornatus (De Vis, 1883) (ornate wobbegong)
      • Orectolobus parvimaculatus Last & Chidlow, 2008 (dwarf spotted wobbegong)
      • Orectolobus reticulatus Last, Pogonoski & W. T. White, 2008 (network wobbegong)
      • Orectolobus wardi Whitley, 1939 (northern wobbegong)
    • Genus Whitley, 1939
  • Family Gill, 1862 (collared carpet sharks)
    • Genus H. M. Smith & Radcliffe, 1913
      • Cirrhoscyllium expolitum H. M. Smith & Radcliffe, 1913 (barbelthroat carpetshark)
      • Cirrhoscyllium formosanum , 1959 (Taiwan saddled carpetshark)
      • Cirrhoscyllium japonicum , 1943 (saddle carpetshark)
    • Genus Gill, 1862
      • Parascyllium collare E. P. Ramsay & Ogilby, 1888 (collared carpetshark)
      • Parascyllium elongatum Last & Stevens, 2008 (elongate carpetshark)
      • Parascyllium ferrugineum McCulloch, 1911 (rusty carpetshark)
      • Parascyllium sparsimaculatum & Last, 2002 (ginger carpetshark)
      • Parascyllium variolatum (A. H. A. Duméril, 1853) (necklace carpetshark)
  • Family (J. P. Müller & Henle, 1839) (whale sharks)
  • Family , 1862 (zebra sharks)

Fossil genera
The following fossil genera are recognized:

See also
  • List of sharks

Further reading

External links

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